Inside building there are three major services which are electrical service, mechanical service, and fire suppression system. Today lets have a look at electrical services.
The security of a building’s electrical service relies on the service provider and facility location. For example, in an urban environment, the system may be arranged as a network with services to a building consisting of multiple underground feeders, multiple transformers, and may have redundancy built into the integrity and reliability of the service. Alternatively, in a suburban or rural environment, may be transported by overhead transmission lines, asters and more accessible for human intervention.
Read the rest of this entry »
Glass based wall exterior often used because of its flexibility, beauty, and off course the price is lower then covering all the building with other hard material.
The glass used in windows, walls, and doors is one of the most fragile materials in building construction. Windows, walls, and doors typically consist of a frame and infill. In commercial applications, the frame is generally made of aluminum and the infill consists of a glass plate product. System performance depends on individual component performance, the interaction of components, and their connections to the supporting structure.
Read the rest of this entry »
Continuing last articles about concrete construction, the rest of it are brisance and limited ductility. Cement-based materials exhibit a relatively low tensile strength, compression strength. When subjected to high pressures, concrete is susceptible to brisance, disintegration of the concrete.
Reinforced concrete structures can exhibit tremendous ductility or virtually none at all. The ductility resides in the details of reinforcement. Therefore, concrete structures may be susceptible to non-ductile modes of failure due to abnormal loads. Assessment of concrete structures should include a review of the details such as the arrangement of reinforcement in joints, at splices, and at anchorage points. Any improvement in detailing similar to those used in seismic design guides will enhance
building performance under abnormal loads.
Read the rest of this entry »
Three aspects of concrete construction are often vulnerable to failure and should be carefully evaluated shear failure, brisance, and limited ductility. Shear failure will occur when the shear force exceeds the shear strength of a member. Steel ties, stirrups, and spirals are used to reinforce concrete columns and beams, providing additional strength to supplement the relatively weak concrete shear strength.
Like the concrete shear strength, the concrete tensile strength or resistance to tension or pulling is also weak. Therefore, concrete elements are susceptible to a brisance failure from the effects of blast or impact. Furthermore, concrete is an inherently brittle material. Without steel or composite fiber reinforcement, the concrete will not sustain deformations typical of more ductile materials such as steel and iron. In general, concrete is used in construction because it is an inexpensive and readily available material with good compressive strength. Shear failure, brisance, and ductility are less dependent upon compressive strength and must be prevented from dominating the behavior.
Read the rest of this entry »
In addition of previous articles discussing on building resistance, structure redundancy is also need to be consider on designing a building. Structural systems must be capable of transferring load to supports or the ground. For a structure to be stable, at least one load path capable of carrying loads must exist within the structure.
The load path must satisfy strength demands and static equilibrium. The structure must be restrained from moving as a rigid body or linkage. If the load path is interrupted, due to the effects of a bomb or blast, then the structure will collapse if no alternate load path is available. Redundancy in load paths allows redirection of loads to alternative load paths. This maintains structural integrity, should one load path fail.
Read the rest of this entry »